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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprstat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы статистики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Statistiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-6383</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5499</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific Research Institute for Socio-Economic Statistics of the Federal State Statistics Service" (Statistics Research Institute of Rosstat)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-2-24-41</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprstat-1269</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF METHODOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Развитие композитных индикаторов циклического реагирования в конъюнктурных обследованиях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of Composite Indicators of Cyclical Response in Business Surveys</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6383-9562</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Китрар</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kitrar</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Китрар Людмила Анатольевна – канд. экон. наук, заместитель  директора, Центр конъюнктурных исследований Института  статистических исследований и экономики знаний</p><p>101000, г. Москва, Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liudmila A. Kitrar – Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Deputy Director, Centre for  Business Tendency Studies, Institute for Statistical Studies and  Economics of Knowledge</p><p>4, Slavyanskaya Sq., Bld. 2, Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lkitrar@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-9026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липкинд</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipkind</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Липкинд Тамара Михайловна – ведущий эксперт, Центр  конъюнктурных исследований Института статистических  исследований и экономики знаний</p><p>101000, г. Москва, Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tamara M. Lipkind – Leading Expert, Centre for Business Tendency  Studies, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge</p><p>4, Slavyanskaya Sq., Bld. 2, Moscow, 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tlipkind@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Китрар Л.А., Липкинд Т.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Китрар Л.А., Липкинд Т.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kitrar L.A., Lipkind T.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://voprstat.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1269">https://voprstat.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1269</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье предложен новый набор композитных индикаторов – предикторов в конъюнктурных обследованиях, которые позволяют выявлять ранние информационные сигналы циклического характера в экономическом поведении хозяйствующих субъектов.Основным критерием эффективности индикаторов служит их чувствительность к циклическому паттерну и смене режимов в динамике статистических референтов. При этом такое свойство, как статистически значимое опережение временных рядов или технического выпуска и публикации данных, позволяет объединить их в группу индикаторов раннего предупреждения.Индекс деловой активности (ИДА) в базовых отраслях экономики России – это композитный индикатор, впервые рассчитанный авторами на основе результатов регулярных (ежемесячных и ежеквартальных) обследований Росстата деловой активности организаций за период 1998–2020 гг. с широкомасштабным охватом единиц выборочного наблюдения. В 2020 г. количество респондентов обследований составило в среднем около 20 тыс. организаций всех категорий численности. Индекс отражает «общий» профиль краткосрочных колебаний ключевых параметров экономической конъюнктуры. Первичную информацию для объединения в ИДА составляют «балансы мнений» респондентов в отношении вопросов, унифицированных для всех секторальных обследований Росстата, а также взаимосвязанных с референтной количественной статистикой с коэффициентами кросс-корреляции, статистически значимо отличных от нуля при опережении не менее чем на один квартал. В этом заключается основное отличие нового композитного индикатора обследований от известных индексов экономических настроений и предпринимательской уверенности. Основными компонентами ИДА являются композитные индексы реального спроса, фактического выпуска, реальной занятости, совокупной прибыли и общей экономической ситуации. Они агрегируют соответствующую «порядковую» статистику по базовым видам экономической деятельности страны, включающим промышленное производство, розничную торговлю, строительство и услуги.В статье приводятся методологическое обоснование и расширенная процедура идентификации компонент ИДА, сформирован их состав для всей совокупности ретроспективных результатов конъюнктурного наблюдения в стране. В качестве основного ограничителя деловой активности вводится новый индекс экономической уязвимости (ИЭУ) с контрнаправленным профилем и различной степенью симметричности его динамики относительно краткосрочного движения ИДА. Превентивный мониторинг формирующихся уязвимостей в деловой среде необходим для предупреждения их масштабных накоплений, предотвращения рисков экономических спадов и обеспечения максимально возможной макроэкономической стабильности. Такой комплексный подход определяет новизну предложенных авторами измерений краткосрочных колебаний циклического характера в экономическом развитии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article proposes a new set of composite indicators-predictors in business tendency surveys, which allow identifying early information signals of a cyclical nature in the economic behavior of business agents. The main criterion for the efficiency of such indicators is their sensitivity to a cyclical pattern and changes in the dynamics of statistical referents. Property such as a statistically significant lead in time series or earlier publication allows them to be combined into indicators of early response. The composite Business Activity Indicator (BAI) in the basic sectors of the Russian economy is calculated by the authors for the first time based on the results of regular (monthly and quarterly) business surveys of Rosstat for 1998–2020 with a large-scale coverage of sampling units. In 2020, the number of survey respondents averaged about 20,000 organizations of all sizes. The index reflects the «common» profile in the dynamics of short-term fluctuations of the key parameters of the economic environment, which consists of the «balances of opinions» of respondents to the questions unified for all sectoral surveys and connected with the reference quantitative statistics with cross-correlation coefficients that are statistically significantly different from zero, with a lead at least one quarter. This is its main difference from the well-known indices of economic sentiment and entrepreneurial confidence. The main components of the BAI are the new composite indices of real demand, current output, real employment, total profits and economic situation. They aggregate the relevant «order» statistics for the basic sectors of the national economy, including the main kinds of industrial activities, retail trade, construction, and services.The article provides a methodological substantiation and an extended procedure for identifying the BAI components; their composition is formed for the entire set of retrospective results of business tendency monitoring in Russia. A new Aggregate Economic Vulnerability Indicator with a counterdirectional profile and varying degrees of symmetry of its dynamics relative to the short-term movement of the BAI is being introduced as the main limitation of business activity. Proactive monitoring of emerging vulnerabilities in the business environment is necessary to warn their large-scale accumulation, prevent the risks of economic downturns and ensure the highest possible macroeconomic stability. This integrated approach makes it possible to determine the novelty of the proposed measurements of short-term cyclical fluctuations in economic development.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бизнес-циклы</kwd><kwd>конъюнктурные обследования</kwd><kwd>индекс деловой активности</kwd><kwd>композитные индикаторы циклического реагирования</kwd><kwd>индекс экономической уязвимости</kwd><kwd>индекс реального спроса</kwd><kwd>индекс фактического выпуска</kwd><kwd>индекс реальной занятости</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>business cycles</kwd><kwd>business surveys</kwd><kwd>business activity indicator</kwd><kwd>composite indicators of cyclical response</kwd><kwd>economic vulnerability index</kwd><kwd>real demand indicator</kwd><kwd>current output indicator</kwd><kwd>real employment indicator</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в ходе проведения исследования в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» (НИУ ВШЭ).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared as a part of the Basic Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cesaroni T. 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