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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprstat</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы статистики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Statistiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-6383</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5499</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-1-8-28</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprstat-1047</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF METHODOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценки масштабов нелегальной миграции в России: возможные подходы и источники информации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessing the Scale of Illegal Migration in Russia: Possible Approaches and Sources of Information</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-7117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чудиновских</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chudinovskikh</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чудиновских Ольга Сергеевна – канд. экон. наук, заведующая лабораторией экономики народонаселения и демографии экономического факультета.</p><p>119991, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, дом 1, строение 46</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga S. Chudinovskikh - Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Head, Laboratory of Economics of Population and Demography, Faculty of Economics.</p><p>GSP-1, 1-46, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga@econ.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чудиновских О.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чудиновских О.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chudinovskikh O.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://voprstat.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1047">https://voprstat.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1047</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к оценкам масштабов незаконной миграции в России, основанные на использовании административных данных Федеральной миграционной службы, Главного управления по вопросам миграции МВД России и пограничной службы России. Отмечается, что проблема оценки незаконной миграции для Российской Федерации стала весьма актуальной с конца 1990-х годов, когда изменился миграционный ландшафт и потоки вынужденной миграции заменила массовая трудовая миграция, преимущественно недокументированная.</p><p>Представлены определения незаконной миграции и основные методологические и практические подходы к оценке ее масштабов. Подчеркивается, что в российской практике определения нелегальных мигрантов в основном подразумевают иностранцев с краткосрочным или временным статусом, работающих без разрешений и без права находиться в России (чаще всего, в связи с превышением разрешенного срока пребывания). Такое сужение дефиниций объясняется характером миграционных процессов в России: преобладанием краткосрочных и временных форм миграции, преимущественно с целью занятости, а также безвизовым въездом для 90% трудовых мигрантов.</p><p>В работе сделан краткий обзор зарубежной практики оценки незаконной миграции и даны пояснения относительно возможностей использования перечисленных методов применительно к России. В ретроспективе рассматривается несколько методологических подходов, основанных на разных видах статистической информации и предполагающих разные алгоритмы расчета для оценки численности и потоков незаконных мигрантов. В частности, дается описание системы критериев, связанных с наличием права на работу и пребывание в России, которая применялась до недавнего времени ГУВМ МВД России для выделения числа нарушителей среди иностранцев, находящихся в определенный момент времени на территории России. Кроме того, рассматривается метод изменения классификации целей въезда для оценки численности потенциальных трудовых мигрантов, работающих без документов. Для расчета численности долгосрочных незаконных мигрантов, пребывающих на территории России свыше года, предлагается использование распространенного в зарубежной практике «метода разности». Также в статье показана возможность оценки потоков недокументированных трудовых мигрантов на основе сравнения данных миграционного учета по месту пребывания с целью «работа» с числом лиц, получивших разрешительные документы. С критических позиций рассмотрен применявшийся в начале 2000-х годов метод, основанный на данных пограничного контроля.</p><p>Все подходы иллюстрируются соответствующими статистическими примерами и сопровождаются комментариями относительно возможных уязвимостей, как собственно данных, так и методологии. Даны пояснения относительно перспектив и ограничений материалов Всероссийских переписей населения и Обследования рабочей силы для оценок незаконной миграции. В заключительном разделе статьи автором сформулирован ряд рекомендаций по корректировке методологии оценки масштабов нелегальной миграции в России для повышения ее точности. Обосновывается необходимость изменения временных критериев, связанных с превышением разрешенного срока пребывания лиц с визовым и безвизовым порядком въезда в Россию, и целесообразность структурирования совокупности незаконных мигрантов по срокам пребывания, что позволит выделить тех, кто уже относится к постоянному населению, и улучшить международную сопоставимость российских оценок.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses various approaches to estimate the scale of illegal migration in Russia, based on the use of administrative data of the Federal Migration Service, the Main Directorate for Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (MDM) and the Border Service of Russia. It is noted that the problem of assessing illegal migration for the Russian Federation has become very relevant since the late 1990s, when the migration landscape changed, and forced migration ﬂows were replaced by mass labor migration, mostly undocumented.</p><p>The article discusses the deﬁnitions of illegal migration and the main methodological and practical approaches to determining its scale. It is emphasized that in Russian practice, the deﬁnition of illegal migrants mainly implies foreigners with short-term or temporary status, working without permits and without the right to stay in Russia (most often, due to the excess of the permitted duration of stay). This narrowing of deﬁnitions is explained by the nature of migration processes in Russia: the predominance of short-term and temporary forms of migration, mainly for the purpose of employment, as well as visa-free entry for 90% of labor migrants.</p><p>The paper provides a brief overview of the foreign practices of assessing illegal migration and explains the possibilities of using these methods in Russia. Several methodological approaches are considered in the article, based on different types of statistical information and involving different calculation algorithms for assessment of the stocks and ﬂows of illegal migrants. In particular, it describes the system of criteria related to the right to work and stay in Russia, which was until recently used by the MDM of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to identify the stock of violators among foreigners who were staying at a certain moment of time on the territory of Russia. In addition, a method of reclassiﬁcation of purposes of entry to estimate the stock of potential undocumented labour migrants is being considered. To calculate the number of long-term illegal migrants staying in Russia for more than a year, it is proposed to use the “residual method”, which is common in foreign practice. The article also shows the possibility of assessing the ﬂows of undocumented labor migrants based on comparison of data on migrants’ registration at a place of stay with the purpose “work” with the number of persons who received permits. The method based on the border control data which was used in early 2000s is discussed from a critical point of view.</p><p>All approaches are illustrated with relevant statistical examples and accompanied by comments on possible vulnerabilities, dealing with both the data itself and the methodology. Explanations are given regarding the prospects and limitations of the materials of the all-Russian population censuses and the Labor Force Survey for estimates of illegal migration. In the ﬁnal section of the article, the author formulates some recommendations to adjust the methodology for assessing the scale of illegal migration in Russia, for improvement of its accuracy. The necessity of changing the time criteria associated with excess of permitted duration of stay (those with visa and visa-free regime of entry to Russia) and the feasibility of structuring the stock of illegal migrants by duration of stay, that will allow to identify those who already refer to the permanent population, and to improve the international comparability of the Russian estimates.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международная миграция</kwd><kwd>нелегальная миграция</kwd><kwd>статистика миграции</kwd><kwd>источники данных по миграции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international migration</kwd><kwd>illegal migration</kwd><kwd>statistics of migration</kwd><kwd>data sources on migration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vollmer B. Briefing. Irregular Migration in the UK: Definitions, Pathways and Scale. 11.07.2011. 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